Field Visit to UBEP Tanjung

TANJUNG - Field visit or field trip is a good medium of learning for students. Not just learning in the classroom, but looking directly to the location as well be an experience that can add insight into the oil and gas industry.

Which is the target goal for students and teachers of SMK Negeri 1 Balikpapan conduct field visit to UBEP Tanjung. More than 50 students received a course of Geological Mining arrival by the Head of HSE, dr. Great Imantyoko.

They get material on the profile submitted Human Relation UBEP Tanjung, Achmad Ruspandi.  Material followed by Oil and Gas Industry Introduction presented interactively by Dwi Prasetyo Mahardika of operations function. To equip students with an understanding of the oil and gas, they were invited to tour to several locations wells UBEP TANJUNG.

Buletin Pertamina No.35 - XLVII

August 29, 2011

The Seven Gemstones Balancing the Earth

When the mine collapsed, Mawlana’s inspiration at that moment when I gave the lecture was that Grandshaykh (q) said, “There are seven jewels, diamonds in this world, and each diamond has the image of Jibreel (a) on it.” There are seven in the world and Allah knows where they are. One is with Mahdi (s). Where the miners were trapped, they were so close to reaching one of those jewels that if they had continued going further down, they would have found treasures there! They (awliya) don’t want these treasures to show up, which is why everything collapsed over their heads. And although it collapsed, it did not affect them because there was a cave and they entered that cave.

Allah (swt) said in the Holy Qur’an:

فَأْوُوا إِلَى الْكَهْفِ يَنشُرْ لَكُمْ رَبُّكُم مِّن رَّحمته ويُهَيِّئْ لَكُم مِّنْ أَمْرِكُم مِّرْفَقًا

faaoow ila ‘l-kahfi yanshur lakum rabbukum min rahmaatihi wa yuhayyi lakum min amrikum mirfaqa.

Betake yourselves to the cave. Your Lord will shower His mercies on you and dispose of your affair towards comfort and ease." (Surat al-Kahf, 18:16)

He said, “Run to the cave!” to those who were running away from the tyranny of the sultan of that time. “Run to the cave and Allah will send His mercy on you.” So when the miners ran to the cave and the mountain collapsed, it didn’t hit them and from that cave they were able to connect with the people and get water and light. So I gave a long lecture about that.

Chilean and Argentinian people have strong faith, not half faith, no. They have very strong faith! Alhamdulillah, I didn’t see such faith except in Indonesia. Indonesians are like that too; they have strong faith. You say something and they cry. I never saw anyone crying here, me and you, we don’t cry. But there in Indonesia, they make everyone to cry. Chileans and Argentinians are the same: they cry immediately because they have strong belief. But really, the tajalli there is very strong, you can feel it.

So there are seven stones in the world but they will not be given to you. If one comes to your hands, immediately a jinn will come and say, “Give the amaanah back to me!” So don’t look for it as it’s not meant for human beings to have; they are for balancing the Earth. If these stones are gone, then the Earth will lose balance. Then there will be an earthquake if the angels move that stone just a little bit, and immediately in that area those electromagnetic waves will move the Earth from moving that stone, which is a diamond stone. So anytime an earthquake occurs, remember that stone has been moved a little bit. If it was moved more, there would be a bigger earthquake. If it gets moved more and more, then there is no way to control the earthquake. Every time that happens you have to remember the Last Days are approaching.

Allah (swt) said in the Holy Qur'an:

إِذَا زُلْزِلَتِ الْأَرْضُ زِلْزَالَهَاوَأَخْرَجَتِ الْأَرْضُ أَثْقَالَهَا وَقَالَ الْإِنسَانُ مَا لَهَايَوْمَئِذٍ تُحَدِّثُ أَخْبَارَهَا بِأَنَّ رَبَّكَ أَوْحَى لَهَا

idha zulzilat al-ardu zilzaalahaa wa akhrajati ’l-ardu athqalaaha wa qaala al-insaanu maa lahaa yawmaidin tuhaddithu akhbaarahaa bi-anna rabbaka awhaa lahaa.

When the Earth is shaken to her (utmost) convulsion and the Earth throws up her burdens (from within) and man cries (distressed), "What is the matter with her?" on that Day will she declare her tidings, for your Lord will have given her revelation. (Surat az-Zalzalah, 99:1-4)

Then the earthquake will shake, but not a normal shaking, and that will bring out what is hidden; what is buried inside will come out. Now scholars explain this is referring to the Day of Resurrection when all deceased people, those who are buried, will come out.

But that is not the only meaning, that is one interpretation of it. Allah (swt) will bring back to give you, He will show you a sign. That big shake will bring treasures from the bottom that will be under the control of Mahdi (a). Jinn will be ordered to bring to the surface every possible treasure from under the Earth. Then, where will they put it? In Masjid al-Amawi in Damascus! All the treasures in the world -- gold, diamonds, everything -- nothing will be left. People will pass and look at it, but they will not touch it because no one will be in need then.

So at that time, wa qaala al-insaanu maa laha, “Man cries (distressed), ‘What is the matter with her (Earth)?’" Human beings will say, “What’s going on!? What’s going on!? Yawmaithin tuhaddithu akhbaarahaa, On that Day will she declare her tidings.” So what is going on? At that time, in the time of Mahdi (a), Earth will talk to you, telling you what you have done wrong so you can repent. In the time of Mahdi (a) everyone will be pious as they will all repent and give baya` to Mahdi (a)! Tuhaddithu akhbaarahaa bi-anna rabbaka awhaa lahaa, “She will declare her tidings, for your Lord will have given her revelation.” Whatever Allah (swt) has revealed to Earth, He sent as wahi. This means that Earth is so important, so dear to Allah that He gave it to humanity, for human beings.

How will Allah send a wahiy? For human beings we say, “inspiration.” Only prophets receive wahi, revelation. And Allah is sending Earth wahi. This means Allah gave human beings something so dear to Him in order that they live on it peacefully, but they destroyed it because they were tyrants. At that time everyone is running. To where are they running? In the scholarly meaning, it means running to akhirah; in the literal meaning, it means running to Mahdi (a), to be in Sham, so much so that someone who is as far away as Malaysia will be able to move to Sham in one step merely by saying, “Bismillahi 'r-Rahmaani 'r-Raheem.” 

That will be the time of miracles. Bianna rabbaka awhaa lahaa, “For your Lord will have given her revelation.” At that time, people will come in groups to see what they have done, as Allah (swt) said:

 يَعْمَلْ مِثْقَالَ ذَرَّةٍ شَرًّا يَرَهُ وَمَن يَعْمَلْ مِثْقَالَ ذَرَّةٍ شَرًّا يَرَهُ

Faman ya`mal mithaqaala dharratin khayran yaraah, wa man ya`mal mithaqaala dharratin sharran yaraah.

There, whoever did an atoms' weight of good will see it and whoever did an atom's weight of evil will see it. (Surat az-Zalzalah, 99:7,8)

“Who does a little good will see good.” What is meant here by “good”? It means that he will not be held in the hands of Dajjal, who will go all around the world except in Mecca, Madinah, and Sham. So whoever did good will not be in the hands of the anti-Messiah, rather he will find goodness with Mahdi (a). Those who did bad will be with evil, with the kaafir jinn, and with the anti-Messiah, Dajjal.

So that stone is the equilibrium that moves earthquakes or anything, and it will happen like that. May Allah forgive us and bless us. Bi hurmati 'l-habeeb, bi hurmati 'l-Fatihah. (MSHK)

Wise Advice

1. Natural is best. Every natural is best, every artificial is worst. Be careful oh people run to nature and run away from artificial things. First morning one orange (bitter orange) and one noon time and one evening time. You never going to be needy of any medicine protecting you from cold and what brings to people from trouble of sickness. Always use natural things and run away from artificial things, that is the best. That is a declaration for whole nations from east to west
2. Advice for pregnant women. Getting pregnant, don’t go to Doctor, dangerous, because handicapped children every day they are bringing to me “Oh Sheikh, look at our child, they’re saying hole in the heart” so many things that it is giving trouble to people. Therefore don’t go, don’t send, it is big sin. If pregnant only to midwife, ok.  We are never accepting, Prophet (saw) never accepting.  Allah Almighty angry with whom they are making this lazer very dangerous. Therefore, it is my will to you (wasiah) don’t send your wife.  Only when your wife saying that she is pregnant (get) one sheep for the honour of Sheikh Abdul Qadir Jilani and give it to the poor people. And daily put on her 2 taweez, one for her and one for baby, They’re (Sheikh Abdul Qadir Jilani) responsible to complete that baby through womb of its mummy. (Moulana gives 2 taweez to the pregnant lady and he says)- “ put this on yourself, one for you and one for your baby, when baby comes put on him. And daily 2 sadaqa (charity) one for mother and one for the child. Don’t worry you’re ok, no need Doctor” I am fighting with such a Doctors.
3. When my Sheikh was addressing I was recording. When my sheikh was speaking I was writing with pencil, for nothing such a things before 56 years ago but you have such a things and not using.
4. No permission yet for Hajj. Because there is so many troubles in Middle East therefore They’re not giving me permission to say to you that you may go. No Umra and no Hajj till We are saying to you.
5. Take care of poor people. People, they are weak, government is powerful therefore you must try to give a chance for poor people.
6. Moving zikir. Rent a council hall for 2 hours and write that this is a spiritual centre or healing centre you may do free tea, free coffee, everyone may come, may ask, may understand.
7. Do not go out at night. Pray for me, pray for me. I am weak, I am weak, pray for me. Keep the way of Prophet (puh) you should be saved here and hereafter.  And keep your children not to get out after Magrib or after Isha because Shaytan now fully alarmed, Shaytan giving full attention because he knows that they’re reaching the end of this century, the day of resurrection, therefore trying to make people to fall in fire making their ways like this, like that.  And mostly Shaytan working night times and the seal of Prophets (puh) was making wasiah (will ) and saying “Oh my nation don’t leave your children after Magrib because it is the time that Shaytan and its people running around to catch youngsters to make them to fall in fire”
8. Avoid big cities. You must take care, big cities now it is dangerous. Therefore you must try to be in country side. Do you know Shahir from London, Pakistani person? now he is outside and so many our brothers they are running to small villages, far away places to be there.  For if anything happening, first big cities just going away. Peoples mind and their buildings going to fall down, destroyed. May Allah forgives you. Pray for me and keep the ways of good ones.
9. Teach your children handcraft. Try to teach your children handcrafts, handcrafts, because universities, high schools may give a certificate but no job for them, but if such a small ones young ones going to learn carpenter he may learn and he never going to be empty.  Every time he can find work.
10. Get your sons married. Another wasiah (will), my will to say that you must try to marry your sons because it is terrible time for youngsters, and outside Shaytan making hundreds and thousands of  women that  they are working for Shaytan and destroying youngsters. Try to do your best not to harm people.  May Allah blesses you for the honour of His most glorified servant sayidina Rasoolullah (saw) Fathiha.
11. Daily practice for families. Pray for me and try to say everyday now Rabbun Allah Hasbun Allah, He protects you. And say to your youngsters, even 2 rakats must pray not necessary to go mosque but through their homes.
12. About your women.  And you must be careful not to leave your women and daughters through their homes not to be with them a man, don’t leave them without men, dangerous. And another point, don’t leave them to get out if they’re not working.  If they’re in need for something, they may say to you, bring this, bring that.  Don’t leave them to go outside.  May go outside, cant come back. That is also a warning for whole people. Try to know everyone where they are leaving.
13. Establish Baytul Mal. You must do as Shariat order to make Baytul Mal. Baytul Mal not to leave with people, to go to banks to take credit and then they cant give back and finish it. Baytul Mal, it is Islamic association. Everyone must put for everyone through their homes even one penny, put. When it is going to be in a box go and give Baytul Mal and its getting bigger and Allah gives much more barakah, from that you may help people, you may give credit without interest.  (MSN)

The Downfall of Satanic Pride

Lefke, Cyprus   13 March 2011 

Allahu Akbar, Allahu Akbar, la ilaaha illa-Llah, Allahu Akbar, Allahu Akbar, wa lillahi 'l-hamd! Alfu salaat wa alfu salaam ala Sayyidi 'l-Awwaleen wa ’l-`Akhireen, habeeb ar-Rabbi ‘l-Alameen, nabiyyiuna wa habeebuna wa shafi`una, Sayyidina Muhammad wa `alaa Sairi ‘l-Anbiya wa ‘l-Mursaleen wa man tabi`ahum bi ihsaanin ilaa yawmi ‘d-deen.

Dastoor yaa RijaalAllah, yaa Sahib az-Zamaan. Dastoor yaa Qutb al-Mutasarrif. Dastoor yaa awliyaaullah, madad!

We are weak ones, astaghfirullah. As-salaamu `alaykum, O servants of Allah, wa rahmatullahi wa barakaatuh. We are weak Children of Adam. al-Haqq (swt) said:

وَخُلِقَ الإِنسَانُ ضَعِيفًا

Wa khuliq al-insaanu da`eefa.

Man is created weak. (An-Nisa, 4:28)

However, Shaytan blows into human beings and cheats them, saying, “You are powerful,” then people think they really are strong. He inspires that in them and he has full knowledge of the natural sciences. Therefore, when the devil realized that Judgment Day is near, he prepared himself and said, “I must teach human beings something I know. I have to use all I have learned to corrupt human beings and lead them astray.” He looked at who was ready to learn something from him so the fire of corruption may come on them and they will be unable to put it out. He said, “And this is how I will take revenge on the Children of Adam, as I was thrown out of Heavens because of them!”

The first power Shaytan taught was through Thomas Edison; he opened for him the secret power of electricity and Edison said, “Oh! What is that?” That was the door Shaytan opened and he made them go through that door. The origin of all machines and technology is from that door, including electricity. So many inventions came out in our time now that the mind cannot accept, because Shaytan did not leave a chance to think how that happened. He opened so many doors to create more fitna, which leads to disbelief. Ever since, people have reached a limit to control that power. After entering that door, they were astonished and forgot their past, and found themselves in a time and place that made them forget from where they came.

Now they have reached a point where they cannot take further steps, and that also amazes them. At the beginning they were surprised with the power, and how they had reached the limit also surprised them. When the doors opened they did not know what to do: destroy this world or not? It is possible if one more step is taken this world will explode like a bomb! Now they have reached a situation where they are scared to go further and they are deep in astonishment, because they have experienced the world from its depth to the skies.

But their teacher is Shaytan, who intends for them all kinds of injustice and disease. His intention is to steal the dress of human beings and give them what he is dressed with. Now he has reached a limit and he fears the world may explode. He can blow up the world, but that is not his aim; as long as the humans are on Earth, his aim is for them to be diminished among Creation, and for their punishment to increase, to further spread his teachings among human beings!

As a result of Shaytan’s work, his students and followers are now confused. A few years ago human beings thought they had all the power in their hands and were capable of doing all that they wanted, but Allah, the Lord of the Heavens (swt), (Mawlana Shaykh stands) our Lord and Lord of the Worlds, (Mawlana Shaykh sits) ordered the Qutb al-mutasarrif in the world through the means of Rasool (s), (Mawlana Shaykh stands) Sayyidi ‘l-Awwaleena wa ‘l-Akhireen (Mawlana Shaykh sits) to now close a bit of that door on those human beings whose imagination has exceeded limits, to show them that they have nothing. That door was opened for them and from it various inventions came out. (Prophet (s) ordered,) “Close it a bit and show them they are in disorder and that over them there is a mighty power which may show technology is nothing and they cannot do whatever they like.”

The Lord of the Skies and the Lord of all the worlds, ordered one in charge in this world, by the intermediary to the Prophet (s) who is Qutb al-mutasarrif,  to show them a little bit in the oceans so that they know what they really have. He ordered the malak al-muwwakal, the angel appointed for earthquakes, to shake a little. He shook the ocean a little, which also shook in Bahr al-Qudrah, the Oceans of Power, like an atom. The whole ocean became black and from under the ocean fire erupted. A mighty power appeared, which does not even amount to an atom. It hit Japan, whose people were so arrogant about their technology, which was more advanced than that of America, England, and Europe. There appeared less than an atom from the Oceans of Power, and it attacked them and made them bankrupt, then all Shaytan’s efforts were bankrupt!

The Lord of Heavens says:

فَقَالَ أَنَا رَبُّكُمُ الْأَعْلَى

faqaala anaa rabbukum al-`alaa.
(Pharoah) saying, “I am your Lord Most High!” (An-Naziyat, 79:24)

إِنَّ رَبَّكَ فَعَّالٌ لِّمَا يُرِيدُ

inna rabbaka fa`aalun limaa yureed.
Your Lord is the (sure) Accomplisher of what He plans. (al-Hud, 11:107)

It means, “You are my weak servants and I have absolute power over My Creation.” Then the whole world that was previously arrogant with their technologies will come down to the point of zero. Allahu Akbar! Amaan, yaa Rabbee (Safety O our Lord) ! Allah, Allah.

O People! Consider what has happened in just moments! A huge wave of power which was only like an atom was sent. If two waves had been sent, they would have overtaken the whole world like the flood of Noah (a). Take wisdom from this! Because of their arrogance, their Lord will teach them a lesson. This happened as a result of a small drop of power in that ocean. If it had been doubled it would have overtaken China, Siberia, and Russia up to the Atlantic Ocean, then also America and the whole world! A moment or two longer and the whole world would have been under the water of Divine Might!

All the countries are proud of their technologies and are dependent on them. Shaytan inspires them, “Look how well you can live with technology.” Now their ears have come down (in shame). If that event had lasted a second or two longer, pointed at the world, perhaps no living creatues on Earth would remain! The oceans might have become poisonous and a person may never like its color. (Take care, as) it may come a second time and finish (this world)!

O People! Beware and take a lesson from this event, that your Lord is fa`aalun limaa yureed, yuhiyy wa yumeet, He does what He likes. So keep your manners, leave fighting with each other, leave divisions among yourselves, or He will bring a situation where all countries and all of you will be covered with the dirtiest, blackest, poisonous water. If the single drop enters a person’s mouth, he will die, with no movement; from only a drop he is finished!

O People! Leave being enemies with each other. Allah (swt) said, kunoo `ibaadan, “Be servants.” Allah, Allah. Leave enmity with each other and be brothers. Don’t fight with each other. Try to give honor to your Lord’s orders, if you like to be happy here and Hereafter or else one day will come when an army will target you.

O People living on this planet! Be sincere servants of Allah and do not hurt each other or your reward will be like what He did to Japan and all of the countries. This is important. Allah Almighty might bring a punishment even more severe than that, as Judgment Day has drawn nearer. Allah (swt) is collecting all His servants under one rule, which will be between the ruler and Him!

O Lord! We ask for Your forgiveness and pleasure. Sultan sen! Subhaan sen! We are nothing!

O People! Leave Shaytan, and follow the path of peace and safety that Sayyidi ‘l-awwaleen wa ‘l-akhireen (s) has announced. Be with Allah, and don’t be with Shaytan. Yaa Rabbee! Yaa Allah! Yaa Rabbee! Yaa Allah! Send us a king who fights for Your sake and grant that we may become Your servants night and day, to honor Your orders. Yaa Rabbi ‘l-`Izzati wa ’l-Azhamat wa ‘l-Jabaroot!

Bi hurmati man anzalta `alayhi, Surati 'l-Fatihah. (MSN)

Sultan al-Awliya Mawlana Shaykh Nazim al-Haqqani qs

The 10 Highest Waterfalls of The World

Angel Falls (3,212 ft), Canaima National Park, Venezuela

Tugela Falls (3,110 ft), Natal National Park, Tugela River, South Afrika

Utigord Falls (2,625 ft) Norwegia, as a Glatsier waterfall

Monge Falls (2,540 ft) Marstein, Norwegia, at Mongebeck River

Gocta Cataracts (2,532 ft) Chachapoyas, Peru

Mutarazi Falls (2,499 ft), Nyanga Nasional Park, Zimbabwe, at Mutarazi River

Yosemite Falls (2,425 ft), Yosemite National Park, California, USA

Espelands Falls (2,307 ft), Fyord Hardanger, Norwegia, at Opo River

Lower Mar Valley (2,151 ft), eikesdal, Norwegia, Mardals Cascade

Tyssestrengene (2,123 ft), Odda, Norwegia, at Tyssa River

Erosion Control

Erosion control is the practice of preventing or controlling wind or water erosion in agriculture, land development, and construction. It usually involves the creation of some type of physical barrier, such as vegetation or rock, to absorb some of the energy of the wind or water causing the erosion. Some examples of erosion control methods are given below.

1. Conservation tillage: It is used as a way to conserve soil and water resources as well as to mitigate the problems of erosion by tilling strips of soil for planting new crops and maintaining untilled portions of the land to serve as anchors for the soil.
2. Contour plowing: In this farming technique, plowing is patterned according to the contours of a sloped region to prevent runoff and allow water retention in the land
3. Terracing: This agricultural technique aids in planting along sleep slopes by breaking each slope into a series of slopes that are shorter and less steep, slowing down runoff and preventing water erosion.
4. Cover crops: These are any surface crops planted annually, biennially, or perennially, in conjunction with other crops or alone. They last through a part of a year or even an entire year, preventing erosion of the soil by wind and water. Cover crops are used as a means of sustainable cropping, preventing weeds, and reducing the leaching of nutrients from the soil.
5. Riprap and gabions: Riprap consists of rock or other material placed along a shore. It reduces shoreline erosion by protecting the land from the full impact of fast-flowing waves. Caged riprap structures are known as gabions.
6. Hydroseeding: Also referred to as hydromulching, it is a quick, economical, and effective means of establishing ground cover by planting grass in large areas of exposed soil. The seeds are mixed together in a slurry of mulch and other essential fertilizers and sprayed uniformly across the soil, creating a favorable, nutrient rich environment for the germination and establishment of grass seedlings into the soil.
7. Mulching: It is a process that uses mulch to cover and protect the soil from water erosion and to maintain moisture in the soil.
8. Reforestation: This method of mitigating soil erosion consists of restoring forests and woodlands in areas that were once deforested or stripped of vegetation.
9. Riparian strips: These are regions along a riverbank characterized by the growth of vegetation. They stabilize the soil and serve as natural controls against runoff and soil erosion.
10. Strip farming: It is used in steep, sloping areas to prevent soil erosion. In strip farming, alternating row and more tightly grown crops are sown next to one another, to stabilize the soil and enhance water retention and percolation.
11. Vegetated waterways: These are channels developed to stabilize and direct runoff in such a way as to reduce erosion.
12. Wattle (construction): It is an organization of interwoven plant materials used as a fence, preventing sedimentation by runoff and erosion.
13. Windbreaks: Also known as shelterbelts, they involve the planting of trees or shrubs along distinct parameters or in an arranged pattern to reduce erosion by wind. (NWE)

Terraces, conservation tillage, and conservation buffers save soil and improve water quality on this Iowa farm. [Photo by Lynn Betts, 1999, USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service.]

Erosion Processes

Gravity erosion

"Mass wasting" is the down-slope movement of rock and sediments, caused mainly by the force of gravity. Mass wasting is an important part of the erosion process, as it moves material from higher elevations to lower elevations, where transporting agents like streams and glaciers can pick up the material and move it further down. Mass-wasting processes occur continuously on all slopes. Some of these processes take place very slowly; others occur very suddenly, often with disastrous results.

Any perceptible down-slope movement of rock or sediment is often referred to in general terms as a "landslide." There are, however, more detailed ways of classifying landslides, reflecting the mechanisms responsible for the movement and the velocity at which the movement occurs. One visible topographical manifestation of a very slow type of landslide is a scree slope.

"Slumping" is a form of mass-wasting in which consolidated materials or rock layers move together a short distance down a slope. Slumping happens on steep hillsides, and often with materials like clay that, once released, may move rapidly downhill. The area left behind by the moving material often shows a spoon-shaped depression. In some cases, the slump is caused by water beneath the slope, weakening layers of rock above it. In many cases, it is simply the result of poor engineering along highways, where it is a regular occurrence.

"Surface creep" is the slow movement of soil and rock debris by gravity. It is usually not perceptible, except through extended observation. This term, however, is also used to describe the rolling of dislodged soil particles (0.5 to 1.0 mm in diameter) by wind along the soil surface.

A heavily eroded roadside near Ciudad Colon, Costa Rica

Water erosion

"Splash erosion" is the detachment and airborne movement of small soil particles, caused by the impact of raindrops falling on the soil. "Sheet erosion" is the result of heavy rain on bare soil, where water flows as a sheet down a gradient, carrying soil particles. In any area where precipitation rates exceed the absorption and infiltration rates into the soil, runoff occurs. Surface runoff turbulence can often cause more erosion than the initial raindrop impact. "Gully erosion" occurs in places where water flows along a linear depression, eroding a trench or gully (a furrow in the soil that is more than one meter deep).

A nearly perfect sphere of granite, in Trégastel, Brittany.

 "Valley" or "stream erosion" takes place with continued water flow along a linear feature. The erosion is both downward, deepening the valley, and headward, extending the valley into the hillside. In the earliest stage of stream erosion, the erosive activity is dominantly vertical, the valleys have a typical V-shaped cross-section, and the stream gradient is relatively steep. When some base level is reached, the erosive activity switches to lateral erosion, which widens the valley floor and creates a narrow floodplain. The stream gradient becomes nearly flat and lateral deposition of sediments becomes important as the stream meanders (twists and turns) across the valley floor. In all stages of stream erosion, by far the most erosion occurs during times of flood, when greater amounts and faster-moving water is available to carry a larger sediment load. In such processes, erosion is caused not only by water but also by suspended abrasive particles, such as pebbles and boulders, as they traverse the surface.

At extremely high rates of flow, kolks (underwater vortices) are formed by large volumes of rapidly rushing water. Kolks cause extreme local erosion, plucking bedrock and creating pothole-type geographical features. Examples can be seen in the flood regions that resulted from glacial activity at Glacial Lake Missoula, which created the channeled scablands in the Columbia basin region of eastern Washington state.

Shoreline erosion

Wave-cut platform caused by erosion of cliffs by the sea, at Southerndown in South Wales.

Shoreline erosion, on both exposed and sheltered coasts, occurs primarily through the action of currents and waves, but sea level (tidal) changes can also play a role. When the sheer energy of a wave hitting a cliff or rock breaks pieces off, this is known as wave pounding. "Abrasion" or "corrasion" is caused by waves launching seaload at the cliff. It is the most effective and rapid form of shoreline erosion. (Corrasion should not to be confused with corrosion, or the dissolving of rock by carbonic acid in seawater. Limestone cliffs are particularly vulnerable to this type of erosion). Finally, "attrition" is where particles/seaload carried by the waves are worn down, as they strike one another and rock surfaces like cliffs, making the material easier to wash away.

Coastal erosion at Happisburgh, Norfolk, England

Sediment is transported along the coast in the direction of the prevailing current (known as "longshore drift"). Erosion occurs when the uptake of new sediment by the upcurrent is less than the amount being carried away. When the upcurrent amount of sediment is greater, sand or gravel banks will tend to form. These banks may slowly migrate along the coast in the direction of the longshore drift, alternately protecting and exposing parts of the coastline. Where there is a bend in the coastline, quite often a buildup of eroded material occurs, forming a long, narrow bank (or "spit"). Underwater sandbanks offshore may also protect parts of a coastline from erosion. Over the years, as the sandbanks gradually shift, the erosion may be redirected to impact different parts of the shore.

Ice erosion

Ice erosion is caused by the movement of ice, typically in the form of glaciers. As glaciers scrape down slopes, they break up rock and transport it, leaving moraines (accumulation of rock debris), drumlins (elongated hills or ridges), and glacial erratics (pieces of glacial residue) in their wake, typically at the glacial terminus or during glacial retreat.

"Ice wedging" is the weathering process in which water trapped in tiny cracks of rock freezes and expands, breaking the rock, allowing for gravity erosion on steep slopes. The scree that forms at the bottom of a steep mountainside is mostly formed from pieces of rock broken away by this means. It is a common engineering problem, wherever rock cliffs are alongside roads, because morning thaws can drop hazardous rock pieces onto the road.

In some places that are cold enough , water seeps into rocks during the daytime, then freezes at night. Ice expands, thus, creating a wedge in the rock. Over time, the repetition in the forming and melting of the ice causes fissures, which eventually breaks the rock down.

Wind erosion

Wind erosion, also known as "eolian erosion," is the movement of rock and sediment by wind. The wind causes dust particles to be lifted up, where they can be moved to other regions. Wind erosion generally occurs in areas with little or no vegetation, often in places where there is insufficient rainfall to support vegetation. An example is the formation of sand dunes on a beach or in a desert. Farmers often plant windbreaks to reduce wind erosion. This includes the planting of trees, shrubs, or other vegetation, usually perpendicular (or nearly so) to the principal wind direction.

Bioerosion

Bioerosion involves the erosion of hard ocean substrates by living organisms, utilizing a number of mechanisms. It can be caused by mollusks, polychaete worms, sponges, crustaceans, echinoids, and fish. It can occur on coastlines and coral reefs, and on the hulls of ships. Mechanisms of bioerosion include biotic boring, drilling, rasping, and scraping.

Bioerosion of coral reefs generates the fine and white coral sand characteristic of tropical islands. The coral is converted to sand by internal bioeroders such as algae, fungi, bacteria, sponges (Clionidae), bivalves (Lithophaga), sipunculans (Aspidosiphon), and polychaetes (Eunicidae), generating extremely fine sediment (10 to 100 micrometers in diameter). External bioeroders include urchins (Diadema) and chitons (Acanthopleura). The combination of these internal and external bioeroders results in a great deal of erosion. Sea urchin erosion of calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) at some reefs has been reported to occur at annual rates exceeding 20 kg/m².

Fish also erode coral while eating algae. Parrotfish cause a great deal of bioerosion, as a result of their well developed jaw muscles and tooth armature, and a pharyngeal mill that grinds up ingested material into sand-sized particles

Tectonic effects of erosion

When erosion involves the removal of large amounts of rock from a particular region and its deposition elsewhere, it can lighten the load on the lower crust and mantle. This can cause tectonic or isostatic uplift in the region. Research undertaken since the early 1990s suggests that the spatial distribution of erosion at the surface of an orogen (mountain-forming belt of rock along a tectonic plate) can exert a key influence on its development and its final internal structure. (NWE)

Erosion

In geology and environmental science, erosion is the displacement of solids (soil, mud, rock and other particles) by the agents of wind, water, ice, or living organisms, or by down-slope movement in response to gravity. Erosion needs to be distinguished from weathering, although the two processes may be concurrent. Weathering refers to the decomposition of rock and minerals through processes involving no movement, that is, no physical removal of material.

Erosion is a natural process, moving material and nutrients from one place to another and converting rock into soil. Thus a certain degree of erosion is healthy for the ecosystem. Excessive erosion, however, can damage the ecosystem, such as by increased water sedimentation or the outright loss of soil.

In many places, erosion is heightened by human land use. Poor land-use practices include deforestation, overgrazing, unmanaged construction activity, and road or trail building. On the other hand, improved land-use practices can limit erosion, by techniques such as tree planting and terrace-building, or leveling of the land interrupting steep slopes

Severe soil erosion in a wheat field near Washington State University, U.S.A.

Causes

Erosion is governed by a combination of factors, including the amount and intensity of precipitation (particularly rain), soil texture, gradient of the slope, ground cover (from vegetation, rocks, and so forth), and land use. Of these, the main agent of erosion is rainfall.

In general, if one compares areas with the same degree of vegetative cover, erosion tends to be higher in areas with high-intensity precipitation, sandy or silty soils, and steep slopes. On the other hand, there is less erosion of soils with a higher content of clay, situated along lower slope gradients, and receiving less intense precipitation.

Among the factors listed above, the one most likely to change over time is the amount and type of ground cover. When fires burn an area, or when vegetation is removed during timber operations or house or road construction, a soil's susceptibility to erosion is greatly increased. Road construction can increase the rate of erosion because, in addition to removing vegetative ground cover, it can significantly alter drainage patterns. However, erosion is minimized if the road has a lot of rock and is "hydrologically invisible," that is, the water flows off the road as quickly as possible, mimicking natural drainage patterns.

Bank erosion started by four-wheeler, all-terrain vehicles in Yauhanna, South Carolina.

Changes in the type of vegetation in an area can also affect erosion rates. Different kinds of vegetation have an effect on the rates of infiltration of rain into the soil. Forested areas can take up water at higher rates, so precipitation there results in less surface runoff, and subsequently, less erosion of surface materials. In these areas, much of the water goes into subsurface flows, which are generally less erosive. Leaf litter and low shrubs also contribute to the high infiltration rates of forested systems, and removing them can lead to an increase in erosion rates. Leaf litter also shelters the soil from the impact of falling raindrops, which is a significant agent of erosion. Vegetation can also change the speed of surface runoff flows, so the presence of grasses and shrubs plays an important role in this respect as well.

Many human activities, such as logging and heavy grazing by livestock, can reduce an area's vegetation, making the soil more susceptible to increased erosion. One of the main causes of erosive soil loss in the year 2006 was the result of "slash-and-burn" treatment of tropical forests. When the total ground surface is stripped of vegetation and seared of all living organisms, the upper soils are vulnerable to erosion by both wind and water. In a number of regions of the world, entire sectors of a country have been rendered unproductive. For example, on the Madagascar high central plateau, constituting approximately 10 percent of that country's land area, virtually the entire landscape is sterile of vegetation, with gully erosive furrows scattered along the landscape—typically more than 50 meters deep and one kilometer wide. Shifting cultivation is a farming system that sometimes incorporates the slash-and-burn method in some regions of the world.

When land is overused by human and animal activities, there can be mechanical erosion as well as removal of vegetation, leading to erosion. In the case of animals, one sees this effect primarily with large herd stampedes, such as the Blue Wildebeest on the Serengeti plain. Even in this case, there are broader material benefits to the ecosystem, such as continuing the survival of grasslands indigenous to that region. This effect may be viewed as a problem only when there is a significant imbalance or overpopulation of one species.

In the case of human use, the effects are also generally linked to overpopulation. For example, when large numbers of hikers use the same trails, or when there is extensive off-roading by vehicles, erosive effects often follow, arising from vegetation removal and furrowing of the soil. These effects can also accumulate from a variety of outdoor human activities, again arising from too many people using a finite land resource.

One of the most serious and long-running water erosion problems worldwide is in China, around the middle reaches of the Yellow River and the upper reaches of the Yangtze River. From the Yellow River, over 1.6 billion tons of sediment flow into the ocean each year. The sediment originates primarily from water erosion in the Loess Plateau region of northwest China.

Estimating erosion
The Americans have, for almost fifty years, pioneered a soil erosion estimating system which requires the farmer to comply with required soil management techniques, if he wishes to continue receiving government support. The Food Securities Act of 1985 requires that farmers apply conservation measures to remain eligible to participate in certain government programmes.
The erosion risk (A=annual soil loss) is calculated from a number of factors that have been measured for all climates, soil types, topography and kinds of land used in the USA. This technique helps to predict erosion and shows farmers which farming methods to use. It also identifies erosion-sensitive areas.
The factors are combined in a number of formulas of the 'Universal Soil Loss Equation', which returns a single number, the tolerance factor, equivalent to predicted erosion in ton/ha: A = RKLSCP , where:

• A = Average annual soil loss: the predicted erosion or tolerance factor in ton/ha, calculated from all others.
• R = Rainfall erosivity factor: a factor dependent on climate and likelihood of extreme events.
• K = Soil erodibility factor: an estimate made from soil properties as catalogued in the National Resources Inventory. It depends on the particle sizes and proportions of sand, silt and clay, organic matter, granularity and profile permeability to water.
• L = Slope length factor: the slope length is the length of the field in a down-slope direction. The larger slope length, the more water accumulates at the bottom of the field, increasing erosion. It also depends on the land's slope.
• S = Slope steepness factor: calculated from the slope of the land in %.
• C = Cover management factor: depends on crop growth rate in relation to the erosivity variation in the climate (?).
• P = Supporting practice factor: reflects the use of contours, strip cropping and terracing.

A ‘tolerance factor’ ( ton/ha/yr) is aimed for, which is still much larger than natural soil formation, but which does not appear to affect productivity. If the tolerance factor exceeds sustainability of productivity, different cover management practices or supporting practices are selected and enforced. It is hoped that where no erosion estimating system is available, farmers and land owners, consider the above factors in the ways they manage their soils. Remember that sustainability of cropland is very difficult to attain. (NWE)

Test of Soil Characteristic

 O: 6/XI-4/GTK/11


A.    PHYSIC

        1.    Water content
        2.    Spesific Gravity
        3.    Density
        4.    Gradation:  Sieve Analysis and Hydrometer
        5.    Atterberg Limit (for clay)



B.    MECHANIC

1. Sondir
2. Standard Penetration Test (SPT)
3. Consolidation
4. Compaction: Laboratory and Field
5. CBR (California Beuring Ratio)
6. Permeability
7. DCP (Dutch Cone Penetrometer)
8. Direct Shear Test
9. Triaxial

 

Study Landslides in The Field

O: 5/XI-4/GTK/11

A. Field Survey

The purpose of the survey field (site reconnaissance) is to observe, notice and record things that are important in the surface that may affect stability of slopes. Field survey is used for additional information and verify information obtained from studies in the office and aerial photography. This - matters related to the field study is the delivery of tools, field mapping, and field observations, which will be discussed below. modified, if necessary

B. Equipment

Equipment for field survey includes a camera, field log books, pens, pocket penetrometer, shear fan (torvane), level slope, geology hammer, compass (GPS), measuring tape meter long (30 to 60 meters), and others. Photos taken on the existing natural conditions. In addition, photographs were also taken in buildings that have a relationship with an investigation location. Unconfined compressive strength (unconfined compression strength) at the site can be measured with a pocket penetrometer. Saturated clay soil shear strength can be measured with a fan-shear. The degree of hardness of rock weathered in place, can be roughly determined by the geological hammer or more accurately with the hammer Schmidt (Schmidt hammer). Slope is measured with a slope level. Dip angle and dip direction of the connection (joint) can be determined with a compass rock geology.

Strike and dip show the structure of flat (planar structure), such as the shear field (shear surface), fractures (faults), ground plane (bedding plane) and so forth. Strike is the compass direction of a line drawn on the structure height field. Dip angle is the angle formed by the structure of the field and horizontal surfaces.

C. Field Mapping

Mapping the field (field mapping) is the most important thing from the investigation site. Field mapping based on topographic maps, so that field notes can be recorded directly on a copy of the map field. Sometimes, in remote areas, topographic maps are not available. In this case, geologist or engineer must be returned to the field after the initial map is prepared to find things that are important. Based field maps, topographic maps can be changed, if necessary

Important things that are observed during field mapping of rock outcrops in the study area and surrounding areas. For example: the basic rock structure, lithology, unit thickness, or other geological data to be recorded. Associated with areas that have been landslides, important things to note are:

1. The head scarp, scarp lateral, secondary scarp, slippery layer orientation (slickenside).
2. Freshness scarp as seen from kecuramannya, plants cover the slopes, width of cracks and others.
3. The condition of the existing material in the area of landslide toe, is it still moving above the original ground surface, or avalanches still intact.

Slickenside is the surface of a land mass that has been made slippery by the result of shear deformation on the surface. On slippery surfaces, the general has been visible streaking due to a shift between two blocks of rock.

During field mapping, the photographs must be taken in the avalanche area. This is due to an appearance may be changed by the continuous movement of avalanches that could damage data. Photos should be documented with dates and weather conditions, so the photo comparison can be made at the same location, but on different dates. Highly recommended the use of cameras that include the shooting date to avoid confusion at the time to do the analysis later.

D. Observation Location

The purpose of the observation site (site observation) is to convince the patterns or model geological conditions, drainage area, as well as research sites, to prove the concept of three-dimensional region learned from literature. In addition, the observation location is also useful to identify the fault (faults), such as scarp and canyon, and other geological weaknesses, such as a thin layer of clay and a layer of slippery areas (slickenside). In addition, the study of patterns of topography and drainage area can provide valuable information about the possibility of building underground at the site. This information will be used to develop the program further investigation.

The amount of time required at each investigation is determined by the topographic slope, the geological environment and the number of anticipated excavation or construction. Observation of detailed investigation areas, will be combined with the results obtained from the image. Predicted unstable area must be investigated in detail.

According to Abramson et al. (1996), effective method of field observation consists of two things:

1. Doing quick observations for all locations with special attention to the position of the slope toward the creek, drainage, etc., and the overall relationship between the slope of one another. This stage can be done by walking or cycling, combined with aerial photo interpretation. Quick observation was also conducted, both in area and slopes are unstable.
2. Conducting a detailed investigation of an unstable slope, followed by a journey to every slope, and observe the things that give an indication about the stability or instability

Data collected from these two steps are the basis for planning an underground investigation at the site slopes.

During field visits, there may be important matters relating to planning or design of slopes in the future. Here are some things that are generally observed during the observation in the field.

1. Topographic forms that are not experienced often indicate an artificial slope, such as ravines and ridges that cut, and flat slopes. Changes to the side of the hill can be formed by excavation on the one hand, and accumulation on the other side. The effect on the overall topography may not be very visible by this change. 
2. Certain types of plants can often result mengkarateristikkan sediment avalanches. Certain plants often live in wet environments, and therefore may indicate activity springs, standing water or poor drainage in this location. Certain types of plants often live in loose soils, which may have been damaged by a landslide movement.
3. The orientation of the slope of the tree to inform the type of movement and can indicate the possibility of a new land movement. Land that moves to encourage the tree, and can cause barren hill. If the movement lasts long, the lower trunk becomes curved back and straight across the top. In the avalanche type ratasional, a tree that fell in the area at the foot of the scarp or avalanches, tend to tilt towards the top of the hill (Zaruba and kissed, 1982).

Important hydrological phenomena in a landslide is the number of lakes (puddles) which arise on the surface of the landslides. An example of this occurs in avalanches in the Manti Utah (Fleming et al, 1988; William, 1988), where a lot of lakes with varying dimensions occur within a period of 4 years. Lakes formed after landslides are generally more irregular, while the lake from previous avalanches somewhat irregular and rounded. Measuring emigration of the lake due to avalanches can be done using aerial photographs taken from time to time. Measuring emigration of the lake can be done in the following manner:

1. The object remained domiciled in stable location outside the landslide, one line with the direction of landslide movement, or 
2. A base line was drawn in a fixed position between two objects that are not changed, and described the direction perpendicular to avalanches.

Locations that have experienced landslides can be identified from aerial photo interpretation. However, many fine details can not be identified, either from aerial photographs and maps of small scale, and can only be detected from observations and surveys in the field.
In a field visit, it is important to identify the previous motion. Often some early signs of soil movement is of significant deterioration in the road surface, or from the cembungan in road pavement and the outbreak of the gutters are made of masonry or concrete

Other signs of land movement on the highway is (FHWA, 1988):

1. The existence of cracks in the pavement
2. Small avalanches on the embankment
3. Falling debris or impeachment material on the road from the slopes above
4. Gradual collapse of the area under the embankment which may trigger large avalanches which endanger highway.

E. Instructions on The Observation

1. Looking at the ground motion. Sign ground motion is the existence of tensile cracks, the wrinkles on the surface of the slope, broken pipes and electricity poles, trees tilt, the chip (spalling) or damage to equipment such as road safety fencing, drainage channel breakdown on the slopes of the brand, closed-plate connection in bridge expansion or rigid pavement, loss of straightness of the building foundation. Base of the bridge that seems skewed toward the end of girder bridges indicated that the soil near the bridge to move towards the bridge. Decrease in bridge near the plate pavement, indicating accumulation oprit will decrease or landslides. Retaining wall is usually used to hold the bottom of the slope. If the soil moves continuously, the wall will tilt and probably will be overturned. Cracks in the retaining wall may be an indication of ground movement behind the retaining wall. Similarly, buildings located in areas prone to landslide generally will experience cracks in walls, floors and foundations. Total building elevation may rise or fall depending on the location of areas prone to landslide. 
2. Identify the pattern of surface cracks. Crack surface is not always the direction perpendicular to ground movements. For example, a crack near the crown, generally perpendicular to the direction of motion, but cracked along the wing is generally close to parallel to the direction of motion. Before the landslide, small cracks develop generally stratified in the soil surface before other signs appear. Cracks parallel to the slope indicates a landslide blocks, are cracks with a horseshoe pattern indicates the type lorotan landslide (slump). 
3. Noting the hydrogeological disturbance or land formations. If there is a change in the formation of weak layers (soft / less dense) and strong soil, then the avalanche may occur in the weak layer. In certain locations there is land that is affected by liquefaction, for example: solid sandy soil is not saturated water in California. At some locations that are generally affected by erosion, for example: in the creek bank, toe of the hill, pile toe, and sides of steep hills. Erosion is happening in these places remove support for the toe embankment or slope.
4. Noting the existence of springs. Naturally, the spring that lies at the foot or top of the slope soften the soil reduces soil shear strength that can cause the collapse of the slope. Location springs can often be obtained in areas with dense vegetation. Embankment of the river, a natural steep slope, where the decision of the pile and excavation for highway or rail, or seepage springs, can reveal the presence of ground water flow in a particular location. An unstable pile can be caused by things the following:
   a) Built in a small river in the valley, where the material on the valley floor consists of material that has been weathered. b) Built in the hillside area where potential landslide areas in italics. 
5. Noting that the existing drainage pattern. Drainage at the site is one of the important things related to slope stability. Underground water to make a saturated and soften the soil embankment, soil foundation and the original soil. This often resulted in avalanches. Surface water, if not out of the surface slope didrain alsosaturate the soil and cause erosion. Therefore, it needed special attention to the flow of drainage which has the potential to slope stability problems. As observed in the field, the entire flow of small rivers, ditches, canals, rivers and the culvert should be mapped. Detail, size and condition should be plotted on site plan the research. This information will be used to assess the characteristics of the existing surface drainage at the site, what will be repaired or modified for the purposes of slope stability in the future. Impaired stability of slopes along the highway is sometimes caused by not doing maintenance on the drainage channel. Therefore, the entire drainage equipment should be checked against the possibility of damage, clog, leakage and others. Seep water into the road embankment from leaking drains can cause a rise in water levels of the road embankment, which may be can trigger avalanches.
6. Always record the building of natural or man-made buildings in the vicinity of the location of the study. Buildings natural and artificial, such as land excavation, embankment and retaining walls often give clues about: a) The possibility of how the design, construction and repair of the slope. b) Possible problems that will occur after construction. c) the type of improvements should be done so that slope instability. 
7. Use simple terms to explain matters related to soil movement and to determine the cause of the movement.Ground motion will occur, if the land had "something" that damage the stability. "Something" is the bias ofnatural causes, such as weathering, heavy rain, the soft layer, or other causes related to human activities, such as: excavation at the foot of the slope, development on the surface slope and others. All observations should be recorded in writing and photographs, so these results can be viewed again at a later date in the office. The observation that does not seem important, often become important in the future.